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Professor at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and the University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow.
E-mail: wolenski@if.uj.edu.pl
Propositional connectives and quantifiers are logical constants without any doubt. On the other hand, we speak about first-order logic with or without identity. Even this way of speaking suggests that identity has a special status to some extent. In fact, the status of identity is controversial.